teraz urobime dokaz dlzkou, ze zas klames.Výsledky průzkumu mezi vývojáři: platy, technologie i množství kofeinuZnámý server Stack Overflow zveřejnil výsledky svého výzkumu mezi více než 26 000 programátory z celého světa. Ptal se na výši platu, programovací jazyky, operační systémy, ale třeba i na počty vypitých kofeinových nápojů. Z Česka se zúčastnilo 243 vývojářů, ze Slovenska pak 68. Podívejte se na podrobnosti.
13. 4. 2015 9:17 Petr Krčmář
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Sdílet na Google+Průzkumu se zúčastnilo 26 086 respondentů ze 157 zemí, vyplňovali odpovědi na celkem 45 otázek. Celkem 6800 se jich považuje za univerzální vývojáře, 1900 se specializuje na mobilní platformy a 1200 vyvíjí front-endy. Podívejte se na kompletní grafy s výsledky:Dalších 25 fotografiíPrůměrný věk vývojáře je 28,9 let a narodil se tedy v dubnu roku 1986. Nejmladší vývojáře obecně najdeme v rozvojových zemích, naopak v těch rozvinutých je průměrný věk vyšší. Indickým vývojářům je průměrně 25, těm v USA naopak přes 31.Podle očekávání je mezi vývojáři výrazně více (92 %) mužů než žen a jen čtvrtina má delší než desetileté zkušenosti s profesionálním vývojem. Největší skupinu tvoří samouci, jen asi třetina studovala patřičný obor na vysoké škole.Mezi nejpopulárnější technologie patří JavaScript, SQL, Java, C#, PHP, Python C++ a C. Nahoru se pak derou AngularJS a Node.js. Ještě o nich jistě uslyšíme. Podle používané technologie se pak odvíjí také výše platu. Nejlépe jsou placeni vývojáři Objective-C, Node.js, C# a C++. Obecně platí, že čím okrajovější a novější jazyk je, tím může vývojář žádat o vyšší plat.Rozdíly jsou pochopitelně také mezi jednotlivými regiony. Zatímco v USA si ročně může vývojář výše jmenovaných jazyků přijít v přepočtu na více než 2,2 milionu korun (190 000 Kč měsíčně), v západní Evropě je to přibližně polovina, ve východní Evropě pak čtvrtina.Palivem vývojáře je kofein, průměrně ho každý z nich vypije 2,2 hrnků. Ať už v podobě kávy, čaje či jiných kofeinových nápojů. V Norsku a Nizozemí to jsou v průměru více než tři hrnky, Švédsko a Finsko se k této hranici přibližují.Vývojáři nejčastěji používají Windows (54,3 %), na druhém místě je pak OS X (21,5 %) a těsně za ním následuje Linux (20,5 %). Přestože se Linux dlouhodobě mezi uživateli na desktopu drží mírně nad jedním procentem, u vývojářů jde o velmi častou volbu. Mezi distribucemi vede s jasným přehledem Ubuntu.Mezi verzovacími systémy vede jednoznačně Git, který používají dvě třetiny vývojářů, následuje SVN s jednou třetinou. Zajímavější ovšem je, že téměř 10 % vývojářů nepoužívá žádný verzovací systém. Pozitivní také je, že pro vývojáře je jejich práce koníčkem. Více než 70 % z nich tráví alespoň dvě hodiny týdně vývojem open-source nebo něčeho pro vlastní potěšení. Každý pátý pak týdně do podobných projektů vloží přes 10 hodin času. Průměr je pak velmi příjemných 7 hodin týdně.Více naleznete i s grafy v samostatné galerii.(Zdroj: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2015)
OverviewEvery year we run a survey. This year, more developers answered more questions than ever before.26,086 people from 157 countries participated in our 45-question survey. 6,800 identified as full-stack developers, 1,900 as mobile developers, 1,200 as front-end developers, 2 as farmers, and 12,000 as something else.Code is everywhere, and just about every coder uses Stack Overflow. Every day more coders are finding great jobs on Stack Overflow Careers.We conducted this survey to help us better understand our community and to help our community better understand itself. For 2 weeks in early February we ran ads for the survey on Stack Overflow, posted it on Meta Stack Overflow, and shared it across social media.These results are not unbiased. Like the results of any survey, they are skewed by selection bias, language bias, and probably a few other biases. So take this for what it is: the most comprehensive developer survey ever conducted. Or at least the only one that asks devs about tabs vs. spaces.
Developer ProfileWho codes? Where do developers live? Are developers programmers and are programmers developers? Let's talk demographics.
I. Geography Respondents
Active Users
World Population+-There are now more than 7.2 billion people on planet Earth. About 32 million of them visit Stack Overflow monthly, and more than 25 million are return visitors. Return visitors land on Stack Overflow an average of 6 times every month. These are our Active Users in the map above.This survey under represents developers who don't like to take English surveys. It's biased against devs in countries like China, Brazil, and Japan, who participate on Stack Overflow less than devs in other non-English speaking countries. It's for these devs that we've started to launch localized versions of Stack Overflow. Wherever you live, whatever language you speak, we want to help you build as efficiently and collaboratively as humanly possible.
II. Devs Per Capita Top 6
Bottom 6 Country Devs per 1,000 people
Luxembourg 39.8
Iceland 35.0
Sweden 35.0
Israel 33.4
Finland 33.0
Singapore 31.7
With devs defined as return users. Among countries with at least 10,000 monthly Stack Overflow sessions.Accounting for 25% of all sessions, the United States is the top traffic source to Stack Overflow. India is second (12.5%), followed by the UK (5.5%), and Germany (4.2%). But Luxembourg delivers more uniques per capita than any other country.
III. Age
60+ 0.5%51-60 1.9%40-50 7.6%35-39 9.1%30-34 17.8%25-29 28.5%20-24 24.5%< 20 8.8%25,831 responsesAt the time of this writing, the average developer is 28.9 years old. He or she was born in April 1986, just as IBM manufactured the first megabit chip.
IV. Age by Country
Country Developer Age (avg.)
United States 31.6
United Kingdom 30.3
Canada 30.3
France 28.6
Germany 29.0
Poland 26.7
Russia 26.6
India 25.0
Among countries with at least 10 mil populationProgrammers are especially young in developing countries like India, where the average developer is just 25 years old.
V. Gender
Male 92.1%Female 5.8%Prefer not to disclose 1.7%Other 0.5%25,744 responsesSoftware development has a gender balance problem. Our internal stats suggest the imbalance isn't quite as severe as the survey results would make it seem, but there's no doubt everyone who codes needs to be more proactive welcoming women into the field.
VI. Experience
11+ years 24.2%6-10 years 23.2%2-5 years 32.4%1-2 years 13.6%Less than 1 year 6.6%24,827 responsesThe programming field is growing extremely rapidly. In the United States, nearly 40% of doctors have 10+ years of professional experience. By contrast, only about 25% of developers worldwide have more than 10 years coding experience. Most of those veteran developers have probably been coding professionally much shorter than that.
VII. Women Who Code Women
Men11+ years 9.5%6-10 years 15.1%2-5 years 30.1%Less than 2 years 37.1%Compared with men, women who code are nearly twice as likely to have less than 2 years programming experience. We hope this means more women are joining the industry and closing the gender gap.
Female Respondents by Geography
India 15.1%US 4.8%Sweden 2.3%Developers in India are 3-times more likely to be female than developers in the United States.
VIII. Education
I'm self-taught 41.8%Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (or related field) 37.7%On-the-job training 36.7%Masters degree in Computer Science (or related field) 18.4%Online class 17.8%Some university coursework in computer science (or related field) but no degree 16.7%Industry certification program 6.1%Other 4.3%Intensive code "boot-camp" or night school 3.5%PhD in Computer Science (or related field) 2.2%Mentorship program 1.0%21,314 responsesThere are many ways to learn how to code. 48% of respondents never received a degree in computer science. 33% of respondents never took a computer science university course. System administrators are most likely to be self-taught (52%). Enterprise level services developers are most likely to have an industry certification (13%). Machine learning developers and data scientists are 10 times more likely than any other developer type to have a PhD (15%).
IX. Side Projects and Open Source
20+ hours per week 9.5%10-20 hours per week 12.4%5-10 hours per week 23.2%2-5 hours per week 27.3%1-2 hours per week 19.2%None 8.3%16,522 responsesFor many developers, programming is a labor of love. 70% of respondents reported that they spend 2 or more hours per week programming either as a hobby or working on open source software. 20% of respondents spend more than 10 hours programming away from work. The average developer spends more than 7 hours per week coding on the side.
TechnologyThe more things change, the more likely it is those things are written in JavaScript with NotePad++ on a Windows machine (theme: dark) using Git, and tabs instead of spaces.
I. Most Popular Technologies 2015
2014
2013Javascript 54.4%SQL 48.0%Java 37.4%C# 31.6%PHP 29.7%Python 23.8%C++ 20.6%C 16.4%Node.js 13.3%AngularJS 13.3%Ruby 8.0%Objective-C 7.8%21,982 responsesJavaScript remains the most-used programming language. Node.js and AngularJS are busting out. Java is still the #1 server side language (and the most frequently used tag on Stack Overflow). The C's continue to hold on strong.
II. Most Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted Most Loved
Most Dreaded
Most WantedSwift 77.6%C++11 75.6%Rust 73.8%Go 72.5%Clojure 71.0%Scala 70.6%F# 70.1%Haskell 69.5%C# 67.2%Python 66.6%% of devs who are developing with the language or tech that have expressed interest in continuing to develop with it.We asked respondents what programming languages and technologies they've developed with over the past year and what languages and technologies they want to develop with. By comparing status quo vs. aspiration we can see how developers perceive available programming tools.
III. Desktop Operating System 2015
2014
2013Windows 7 33.8%Mac OS X 21.5%Linux 20.5%Windows 8 19.5%Windows XP 1.0%Windows Vista 0.2%Other 3.5%22,771 responsesFor the third year in a row, we asked respondents which operating system they use the most. Windows maintains the lion's share of the developer operating system market, while Mac appears to have overtaken the Linuxes among active Stack Overflow devs.Linux may be a small player on the consumer market, with just 1.5% of global desktop operating system share, but it's a go-to OS for developers.
The Linuxes - Dev Share 2015
Ubuntu 12.0%Debian 2.2%Mint 1.6%Fedora 1.3%Other 4.0%4,667 responses
IV. Text Editor
NotePad++ 34.7%Sublime Text 25.2%Vim 15.2%Emacs 3.8%Atom.io 2.8%TextMate 1.4%Coda 0.7%XEmacs 0.3%Other 16.2%16,778 responsesDeveloper type influences choice of text editor. Either that or Emacs turns people into mathematics-focused developers. Data scientists and machine learning developers are about 3 times more likely to use Emacs than any other type of developer.
Preferred Text Editor by Occupation
Occupation Preferred text editor
Desktop Developers NotePad++
Front-end web developers Sublime Text
DevOps & Sys admins Vim
Full-stack developers Notepad++ and Sublime Text
V. IDE Theme
Dark 52.5%Light 39.9%I don't use an IDE 7.7%Developers prefer working with a dark IDE theme. We did a little further mining and discovered desktop developers prefer a light theme, front-end developers prefer dark, and mobile developers are split down the middle.
VI. Source Control
Git 69.3%SVN 36.9%TFS 12.2%Mercurial 7.9%CVS 4.2%Perforce 3.3%Other 5.8%I don't use source control 9.3%16,694 responsesSource control is an industry standard tool. However, fun fact: about 10% of developers still don't use it.
VII. Tabs vs. Spaces
Tabs 45.0%Spaces 33.6%It depends 17.0%Huh? 4.5%25,807 responsesAfter millennia of heated debate, mercifully, at long last, we have an answer. Most developers prefer tabs to spaces.Upon closer examination of the data, a trend emerges: Developers increasingly prefer spaces as they gain experience. Stack Overflow reputation correlates with a preference for spaces, too: users who have 10,000 rep or more prefer spaces to tabs at a ratio of 3 to 1.
VIII. Caffeine
Country Caffeinated beverages per day (avg.)
Norway 3.09
Netherlands 3.04
Sweden 2.94
Finland 2.76
Iran 2.74
Denmark 2.70
South Africa 2.59
United Kingdom 2.54
Turkey 2.50
Germany 2.44
16,516 responsesLike most working humans, developers demand caffeine. The average developer drinks 2.2 servings of coffee, tea, Surge, or other caffeinated beverage every day. Nordic devs drink much more coffee than most.
Which developer types drink the most coffee?
Occupation Caffeinated beverages per day (avg.)
Product manager 2.92
Executive (VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.) 2.74
Business intelligence or data warehousing expert 2.67
System administrator 2.58
Growth hacker 2.49
WorkThe labor landscape is constantly evolving for those who know how to code. New developer types are emerging. More developers are going remote (and getting better, higher-paying jobs because of it). More than most professions, developers enjoy what they do, and it shows: nearly every developer spends time coding on the side.
I. Occupation 2015
2014
2013Full-stack web developer 32.4%Student 13.6%Back-end web developer 10.1%Mobile developer (all) 9.1%Desktop developer 8.3%Front-end web developer 6.0%Enterprise level services developer 2.9%Embedded application developer 2.9%Executive (VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.) 1.8%System administrator 1.6%Database administrator 0.6%22,148 responsesWe provided respondents with a list of 24 common developer types and asked them to choose the occupation that best describes what they do. For the third year in a row, "full-stack developer" was the most common response.
II. Mobile Developers
Mobile Developer - Android 44.6%Mobile Developer - iOS 33.4%Mobile developer 19.8%Mobile developer - Windows Phone 2.3%1,900 responsesOf more than 22,000 respondents, 1,900 said they are primarily a mobile developer. Android developers outnumber iOS developers 4 to 3. Just over 2% of mobile developers identify as Windows Phone developers. 20% of mobile developers don't identify with a particular mobile platform.
III. Mathematics Developers
Developer with a statistics or mathematics background 45.6%Data scientist 40.2%Machine learning developer 14.2%1,018 responsesWe've been able to identify a number of emerging developer types by observing patterns in Stack Overflow users' browsing behavior. Developers with a stats and math background and machine learning developers are a couple of these new dev types. Data scientist is a related developer type that is slightly more established.
IV. Other Dev Types Multiple Choice
Write-inDevOps 1.5%Business intelligence or data warehousing expert 0.8%Graphics programmer 0.7%Quality Assurance 0.7%Product Manager 0.7%Designer 0.7%Database administrator 0.5%Growth hacker 0.3%The spectrum of developer types is vast, and it's often unclear where one type ends and another begins. More than 300 respondents identified as DevOps, nearly 200 identified as business intelligence or data warehousing experts, and 59 identified as "growth hacker" – the smallest segment of developers among the multiple choice options."Other" developer types make the field even more interesting: nearly 1,600 respondents submitted a write-in response for occupation. Game developers and designers made up the largest segment among write-in dev types. More than 100 write-in respondents included multiple dev types in their occupation choice. Only one respondent wrote in that he/she works with lasers.
V. Industry Total
Asia
Eastern Europe
United StatesSoftware Products 25%Web Services / Internet 17%Finance / Banking 8%Consulting 7%Media / Advertising / Entertainment and Gaming 7%Health / Biotech / Science 5%Education / Academia / Research 5%Telecommunications 4%Government 3%Other 20%16,160 responsesRespondents from developed countries are more likely than others to say they work in an industry outside the traditional software powerhouses.
VI. Compensation by Technology United States
Western Europe
Eastern EuropeObjective-C $98,828Node.js $96,539C# $94,280C++ $91,739SQL $91,431C $91,264Ruby $90,536JavaScript $90,259Java $89,054Python $88,966PHP $77,32219,483 responsesWe asked respondents how much they earn in US dollars, including bonus. We cross tabulated compensation with competency in specific technologies to see which tech pays best.Niche or emerging technologies pay big bucks. So does big data and cloud computing. This may reflect a shortage of certain skills in the workforce – companies are willing to pay more when hiring for cutting edge skillsets. It's also likely that developers with niche competencies are just better developers all around.
Top Paying Technologies
Cassandra 152%Spark 148%F# 144%Scala 132%Rust 131%Hadoop 131%Cloud (AWS, GAE, Azure, etc.) 126%Redis 125%Go 121%Clojure 114%13,110 responses from top 35 responding countries. Average salary calculated per country.
VII. Compensation by Purchasing Power
Country How many Big Macs can you buy? Average Salary
Ukraine 21,825 $26,190.48
South Africa 19,215 $42,658.23
United States 18,712 $89,631.68
Australia 17,802 $76,904.76
Russia 17,571 $23,897.28
United Kingdom 15,757 $68,860.59
Israel 15,280 $68,000
Canada 14,711 $68,262.48
Ireland 14,661 $62,456.14
New Zealand 14,042 $63,052.63
China 13,803 $38,235.29
Among countries with at least 100 survey respondents. Based on The Economist's Jan 2015 Big Mac Index.When it comes to quality of life, dollars, Euros and Yen don't matter. Big Macs matter. The Economist's Big Mac Index is a measure of purchasing power parity that can be used to compare the true value of compensation between workers in different economies.Where can an average developer eat the most (and live the best)? The survey says: Ukraine, where Big Macs cost only about $1.20.
VIII. Compensation by Remote Status Total
United States
India
Russia
BrazilFull-time remote 114.1%Part-time remote 108.0%Rarely remote 97.4%Never remote 79.7%Average salaries calculated per country among respondents from top 35 responding countries.Remote work pays. Developers who work remotely full-time earn about 40% more than those who never work remote. The disparity is more pronounced in developing countries.
IX. Compensation by Stack Overflow Rep
10,000+ 135%5,000 to 9,999 121%500 to 4,999 108%2 to 499 91%1 83%% average salary by country. 13,224 respondents from top 35 responding countries.We always said participating on Stack Overflow is good for your career. Now we have proof.In truth, we don't know that there's any causal link between reputation and compensation, but indulge us for a moment. If rep equals money, you could get a 10% raise just by going from 1 to 100 rep on Stack Overflow. If rep equals money, you would only reach average developer status once you earned between 200-499 rep. And you'd earn 135% average salary once you hit 10,000 rep. It may be a good time to hunt a bounty...
X. Employment Status
Employed full-time 66.3%I'm a student 15.9%Freelance / Contractor 9.0%Employed part-time 4.2%Unemployed 2.0%Retired 0.3%Prefer not to disclose 1.2%Other 1.1%21,306 responsesIf you're a software developer, you probably have a job. 97.5% of workforce respondents are employed in at least a part-time capacity.And even if you work full-time, you probably code on the side. The average fully employed developer spends more than 6 hours every week working on open source, side- or hobby projects. Retired developers spend nearly 3 times as many hours on hobby projects. Code is life for most devs, and for many coding is a lifetime pursuit.
Time Spent Coding on the Side
Employed full-time 6 hours 13 minI'm a student 9 hours 11 minFreelance / Contractor 8 hours 59 minEmployed part-time 7 hours 41 minUnemployed 13 hours 28 minRetired 16 hours 22 min16,483 respondents
XI. Job Satisfaction
I love my job 36.0%I'm somewhat satisfied with my job 40.4%I'm neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with my job 11.0%I'm somewhat dissatisfied with my job 9.7%I hate my job 1.9%16,174 responsesWe asked respondents how satisfied they are with their current job or jobs. 76% of developers report being at least satisfied with their job, and 36% love their job. Developers are generally more fulfilled by work than most employees.And developers in Iran are more satisfied with their jobs than developers anywhere else. Stack Overflow Careers may not have any jobs available in Iran, but you can still move there and apply for one of our many available remote jobs.
Job satisfaction by Geography
Country Average Satisfaction Score
Iran 3.78
Netherlands 3.69
Norway 3.68
Israel 3.63
Denmark 3.61
Switzerland 3.58
Highest satisfaction scores among countries with 100 or more respondents. Satisfactions scores calculated as average of responses, with extra weight given to "I love my job."
XII. Job Satisfaction by Dev Type Most Satisfying
Least SatisfyingExecutive (VP of Eng., CTO, CIO, etc.) 3.90Machine learning developer 3.63Mobile developer - iOS 3.58Mobile developer 3.57Developer with a statistics or mathematics background 3.4316,288 responsesIt feels good to be the boss. Executives are 16% more satisfied (on an arbitrary 5-point scale) than average (3.36). Product managers are generally the least satisfied with their jobs.
XIII. Remote Work
Full-time Remote 10.4%Part-time Remote 18.6%I rarely work remote 48.1%Never 22.8%16,154 responses29% of developers work at least part-time remote. This is up from 21% last year. More developers are choosing to work from home and more companies are embracing the remote workplace. (We're one of those companies.)XIV. Working Remotely - Who Wants It?
It's non-negotiable 4.1%Very important 16.7%Somewhat important 29.1%Neutral - I don't mind working in the office or remotely 39.3%Not important 10.8%18,890 responsesCode is breaking down cubicle walls. 50% of developers say working remote is at least somewhat important. Note to companies trying to hire: if your job listing doesn't include remote, you could be cutting your possible applicant pool in half. And you may be eliminating the most qualified developers from consideration. Stack Overflow users with 5,000+ rep are twice more likely than other developers to say "remote optional" is non-negotiable.
CommunityWithout people, Stack Overflow is just a pile of pixels. It's thanks to the devs who answer, upvote, edit, and ask that everyone benefits from the library of Q&A we've amassed since the first question was asked in 2008. Reputation and gamification is just a tiny part of what makes Stack Overflow work. Community is everything.
I. Visit Satisfaction
Always 10.2%Usually 76%Sometimes 13.1%Rarely 0.6%Never 0.2%16,399 responsesStack Overflow users have saved their fellow developers millions of hours of work. We asked respondents how often the answers they find are are helpful. 86% of respondents say answers are usually or always helpful.II. Visit Frequency
Multiple times a day 65.4%Once a day 20.4%Once a week 9.9%Once a month 1.9%Very rarely 1.9%I have never been on Stack Overflow. I just love taking surveys. 0.5%16,519 responsesTwo-thirds of respondents say they visit multiple times per day.
III. Reputation Respondents
Active Users10,000+ 5.1%5,000 to 9,999 3.4%3,000 to 4,999 3.6%2,000 to 2,999 3.3%1,000 to 1,999 6.3%500 to 999 7.1%200 to 499 6.9%100 to 199 7.2%50 to 99 5.7%2 to 49 13.8%1 8.9%I don't have an account 21.2%Not sure 7.5%24,764 responsesWe asked respondents how much Stack Overflow rep they have. (We double-checked responses vs. actual rep for users who provided account info – our users are remarkably honest people.) Whereas respondent rep distribution includes 100% of respondents, active user distribution includes only the ~5% of Stack Overflow visitors who are ever signed-in.
IV. Motivation for Using Stack Overflow
To get help for my job 72.1%Because I love to learn 65.6%To give help to others 55.5%To receive help on my personal projects 40.5%Because I can't do my job without it 20.5%To communicate with others like me 17.1%To demonstrate that I'm good at what I do 16.4%To maintain an online presence 14.3%I don't really use Stack Overflow. I just take surveys. 1.3%16,397 responsesWe asked respondents why they use Stack Overflow, allowing for multiple answer selections. More than half of respondents use Stack Overflow to help other developers. Nearly 3 out of 4 developers are here to get help for their job. 2 out of 3 developers say they are motivated by a passion for learning new things.
V. Why Do You Answer?
It feels good to help a programmer in need 64.0%My answer will help lots of people who have the same problem in the future 54.2%I don't answer much (or at all), but I want to answer more 35.7%I feel a sense of responsibility to the developer community 32.4%It feels good to demonstrate my expertise 30.2%Demonstrating my expertise will benefit me 20.8%I have no idea why I answer but I do it anyway 6.4%I don't answer much (or at all), and I don't want to 4.4%15,980 responses60% of survey respondents have provided an answer on Stack Overflow. What motivates answerers? More than any other motivation, developers answer because it feels good to help a fellow developer. More than half of respondents answer to leave artifacts that will help many developers in the future. And 6% of Stack Overflow answerers don't know why they answer – they just do.
